For much of the late 19^th and early 20^th centuries, Black Americans overwhelmingly identified with the Republican Party. The loyalty was not symbolic—it was earned. The Republicans were the party of Abraham Lincoln, Emancipation, Reconstruction, and constitutional amendments that ended slavery and expanded citizenship. Black political leaders like Hiram Revels and Blanche K. Bruce, both U.S. senators from Mississippi during Reconstruction, emerged directly from this tradition. So did Frederick Douglass, who consistently argued that Black freedom and political participation were inseparable from the Republican Party’s founding principles.

But by the 1920s and 1930s, that relationship had begun to fracture.

After the end of Reconstruction, Republicans increasingly retreated from enforcing civil rights in the South. Jim Crow segregation, voter suppression, lynching, and economic exploitation flourished with little federal intervention. While Black voters remained loyal out of historical memory, the party that once fought for them offered fewer tangible protections as the decades passed.

The turning point came during the Great Depression. Black communities were hit especially hard by unemployment, housing insecurity, and hunger. When Franklin D. Roosevelt introduced the New Deal in the 1930s, the Democratic Party—long associated with Southern segregationists—unexpectedly became the party offering direct economic relief. Programs such as the Works Progress Administration (WPA), Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), and Social Security (even with its exclusions) provided jobs and aid that many Black families had never received from the federal government.

Black voters noticed.

While Roosevelt never…